>> COMING UP NEXT ON ARIZONA HORIZON: A CLOSER LOOK AT THE U.S. SUPREME COURT RULING AGAINST LOWER COURTS ISSUING NATION-WIDE INJUNCTIONS... ALSO TONIGHT: A NEW STUDY FOCUSES ON HOW CANCER GROWS AND CHANGES... AND, A LOOK AT THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ANTIBIOTICS AND SUPERBUGS.

THOSE STORIES AND MORE NEXT, ON ARIZONA HORIZON.

>> GOOD EVENING AND WELCOME TO ARIZONA HORIZON.

I'M TED SIMONS.

THE MARICOPA COUNTY RECORDER'S OFFICE IS SENDING LETTERS TO 83,000 COUNTY VOTERS TO CORRECT A PREVIOUS LETTER THAT WARNED THAT THE RECIPIENTS WOULD BE PLACED ON AN INACTIVE VOTER LIST IF THEY DIDN'T UPDATE THEIR VOTER REGISTRATION IN 90 DAYS.

THAT WARNING LETTER WAS A MISTAKE.

COUNTY RECORDER JUSTIN HEAP BLAMED THE MISTAKE ON A VENDOR.

HEAP'S FELLOW REPUBLICANS ON THE COUNTY BOARD OF SUPERVISORS WERE NOT AMUSED.

BOARD CHAIR THOMAS GALVIN CALLED ON HEAP TO APOLOGIZE TO HIS CONSTITUENTS.

OF NOTE: HEAP IS SUING THE BOARD, AND THE BOARD IS COUNTER-SUING, OVER AUTHORITY TO ADMINISTER ELECTIONS, INCLUDING VOTER REGISTRATION.

THE U.S. SUPREME COURT HAS AGREED TO A HEAR CASE THAT COULD SIGNIFICANTLY IMPACT HOW POLITICAL CAMPAIGNS ARE FUNDED.

THE CASE INVOLVES LIMITS ON HOW MUCH POLITICAL PARTIES CAN SPEND IN COORDINATION WITH FEDERAL CANDIDATES.

THOSE COORDINATED LIMITS WERE SET IN THE WAKE OF THE WATERGATE SCANDAL.

BUT VICE PRESIDENT J.D.

VANCE FILED SUIT THREE YEARS AGO, WHEN HE WAS A SENATE CANDIDATE, CLAIMING THAT THE LIMITS VIOLATE 1ST AMENDMENT RIGHTS.

THE NATIONAL REPUBLICAN SENATORIAL COMMITTEE, AND GOP CONGRESSIONAL COMMITTEE, HAVE SINCE JOINED THE SUIT.

>> AND ON CAPITOL HILL: THE SENATE CONTINUES TO WORK ON ITS VERSION OF PRESIDENT TRUMP'S DOMESTIC POLICY BILL.

THAT SENATE VERSION WOULD ADD AT LEAST $3.3 TRILLION TO THE NATIONAL DEBT OVER THE NEXT TEN YEARS, THAT'S ACCORDING TO THE CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET OFFICE.

THAT INCREASED DEBT IS LIKELY TO CAUSE PROBLEMS IN THE HOUSE, WHICH MUST GIVE FINAL APPROVAL TO THE MEASURE.

THE WHITE HOUSE TODAY REITERATED THE PRESIDENT'S FRIDAY DEADLINE TO GET THE DEAL DONE.

THE WHITE HOUSE AND THE PRESIDENT HIMSELF HAVE BEEN IN TOUCH WITH LAWMAKERS ALL WEEKEND LONG TO GET IN BILL PASSED, AND THEY ARE WORKING VERY HARD TO DO SO.

IT REMAIN AS TOP PRIORITY FOR THE PRESIDENT.

IT'S NOT EXACTLY A TOP PRIORITY FOR ELON MUSK.

THE PRESIDENT'S FORMER ADVISOR IS NOT PLEASED WITH THE POLICY BILL, CALLING REPUBLICANS QUOTE, "THE PORKY PIG PARTY."

ARIZONA DEMOCRATIC SENATOR MARK KELLY FINDS HIMSELF AGREEING WITH MUSK, KINDA.

>> I DON'T AGREE WITH ELON ON EVERYTHING, BUT ON, THISY LONG'S RIGHT.

THEY'RE ABOUT TO ADD UP TO $5 TRILLION.

BUT WHAT'S IN THIS LEGISLATION, $3.3 TRILLION TO THE DEBT TO GIVE A BIG TAX CUT TO THE WEALTHIEST AMERICANS AT THE SAME TIME THE THING THAT ELON CARES ABOUT, I CARE ABOUT IT, AS WELL, IS THE CUTS IN SOLAR AND WIND, RENEWABLE ENERGY TAX CREDITS.

THIS IS BASICALLY ALL OF THE ENERGY THAT WE NOW ADD TO THE GRID EVERY YEAR, AND MY REPUBLICAN COLLEAGUES WANT TO TAKE THIS AWAY, SO ON THIS, WE'RE ON ELON'S SIDE.

BUT THE THING HE DIDN'T MENTION, WHICH IS ALSO MY BIGGEST CONCERN HERE, IS THEY WANT TO KICK $17 MILLION PEOPLE -- KICK 17 MILLION PEOPLE OFF THEIR HEALTHCARE AND, AGAIN, JUST TO GIVE A BIG TAX CUT FOR THE RICH.

>> KELLY DID NOT COMMENT ON MUSK ADDING THAT IT'S, QUOTE, "TIME FOR A NEW POLITICAL PARTY THAT ACTUALLY CARES ABOUT THE PEOPLE."

>> THE U.S. SUPREME COURT LAST WEEK ISSUED A RULING THAT BLOCKS LOWER COURTS FROM ISSUING NATIONWIDE INJUNCTIONS.

THE CASE INVOLVED PRESIDENT TRUMP'S EXECUTIVE ORDER AGAINST BIRTHRIGHT CITIZENSHIP.

THE SUPREME COURT RULED AGAINST A NATIONWIDE BLOCK TO THAT ORDER, BUT DID NOT DIRECTLY ADDRESS BIRTHRIGHT CITIZENSHIP.

JOINING US NOW IS ROY HERRERA, FOUNDING PARTNER OF HERRERA ARELLANO, LLP.

ROY, ALWAYS A PLEASURE.

GOOD TO HAVE YOU HERE.

INSIDE THANKS FOR HAVING ME.

>> FIRST OF ALL, THE OVERWRITING, I THINK THE BIGGEST THING ABOUT THAT PARTICULAR DECISION, ARE THESE NATIONWIDE INJUNCTIONS BY LOWER COURTS.

WHAT EXACTLY DID THE HIGHER COURT RULE?

>> SO LET ME START WITH WHAT A NATIONWIDE INJUNCTION IS.

THE COURT ALSO REFERS TO THEM AS UNIVERSAL INJUNCTIONS.

BASICALLY WHAT THEY ARE IS AN INJUNCTION THAT'S ISSUED BY THE DISTRICT COURT, WHICH IS THE LOWEST LEVEL OF THE FEDERAL COURT SYSTEM THAT ESSENTIALLY WOULD BLOM THE IMPLEMENTATION OF A RULE OR LAW NATIONWIDE.

LET'S SAY A FEDERAL JUDGE HERE IN THE DISTRICT OF ARIZONA COULD ISSUE A UNIVERSAL NATIONWIDE INJUNCTION, AND THAT WOULD MEAN THAT A LAW, THAT IT'S BLOCKING -- THAT THAT JUDGE IS BLOCKING -- CAN'T BE IMPLEMENTED IN LET'S SAY THE DISTRICT OF NEW YORK, SOMETHING LIKE THAT.

TRADITIONALLY IT'S BEEN A FAIRLY COMMON PRACTICE FOR THE DISTRICT COURT JUDGES TO BE ABLE TO ISSUE THOSE KINDS OF INJINXES.

WHAT WE IS HAD HERE IS THE SUPREME COURT SEVERELY LIMITING IF NOT ELIMINATING THE ABILITY OF A DISTRICT COURT JUDGE TO ISSUE AN INJUNCTION THAT IS THAT WIDE.

>> WHAT IS THE REASONING BEHIND ALLOWING SUCH A LOWER COURT TO HAVE THAT MUCH POWER?

>> SO THE ARGUMENT FOR NATIONWIDE INJUNCTIONS ARE UNIVERSAL -- OR UNIVERSAL INJUNCTIONS ARE THAT, THERE ARE CERTAIN POLICIES OR LAWS WHERE IT IS APPROPRIATE TO HAVE SOME SORT OF UNIFORM RELIEF.

LET'S SAY THERE'S A UNIVERSAL PRINCIPLE OF CONSTITUTIONAL LAW, LIKE A FRUMENTAL CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHT, FOR EXAMPLE, IT MAKES SENSE TO BE ABLE TO ESSENTIALLY BLOCK THE IMPLEMENTATION OF A LAW THAT WOULD VIOLATE THAT UNIVERSAL OR FUNDAMENTAL CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHT BECAUSE OTHERWISE YOU'D IN A SITUATION WHERE DIFFERENT JURISDICTIONS WOULD HAVE DIFFERENT RULES.

SO YOU COULD BE IN ONE DIFFERENT JURISDICTION, AND A LAW COULD APPLY TO YOU, TAKE AWAY YOUR RIGHT, AND IN ANOTHER JURISDICTION THE LAW WOULDN'T APPLY.

THE ARGUMENT IS YOU HAVE TO BE ABLE TO ALLOW DISTRICT COURT JUDGES TO DO THAT BECAUSE THAT IS WHAT IS NECESSARY.

>> SO WHAT THE SUPREME COURT SAYS THOUGH IS, YES, IN THAT PARTICULAR DISTRICT YOU CAN BLOCK IT, BUT NOT EVERYWHERE ELSE?

>> SO IN THE BIRTH RIGHTS CASES THAT YOU MENTIONED, THEY DON'T GET TO THE MERITS OF THE CASE AT ALL.

ON THE PROCEDURAL GROUNDS IT SAYS BASICALLY THE DISTRICT COURT JUDGES THAT RELIEVE GRANTED THE UNIVERSAL INJUNCTIONS WAS UNNECESSARY.

THE CONCEPT OF COMPLETE RELIEF IS REALLY IMPORTANT I THINK GOING FORWARD.

THIS IS THE SORT OF STANDARD NOW, THAT THAT A DISTRICT COURT JUDGE CAN ONLY PROVIDE COMPLETE RELIEF TO THE PARTIES BEFORE THE COURT.

THAT WOULD MEAN TECHNICALLY SPEAKING ONLY THE PARTIES THAT ARE PLAINTIFFS IN A PARTICULAR LAWSUIT.

SO WHAT WE ARE NOW KIND OF LEFT WITH, AND AGAIN, THIS IS GONNA BE UNPACKED A LOT BY THE LOWER COURTS AFTER THIS DECISION, THERE'S A LOT OF OPEN QUESTIONS, STILL -- IS THE SITUATION WHERE IN SOME JURISDICTIONS YOU MIGHT SEE LET'S SAY AGAIN A FEDERAL JUDGE DOWN HERE IN THE DISTRICT OF ARIZONA RULE A CERTAIN WAY, ISSUE AN INJUNCTION FOR PLAINTIFFS IN THE PARTICULAR CASE BEFORE THAT JUDGE.

THAT INJUNCTION COULD POTENTIALLY APPLY TO THE DISTRICT OF ARIZONA BUT IT WOULDN'T APPLY, LET'S SAY, AGAIN, IN THE SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK.

>> WHAT IF THE SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK TAKES UP THAT CASE OR TAKES UP A -- THEY CAN'T TAKE UP THE CASE IN ARIZONA, BUT CAN THEY TAKE UP A SIMILAR CASE -- I MEAN, LET'S DO A HYPOTHETICAL HERE.

LET'S SAY THE PRESIDENT, EXECUTIVE ORDER WE ALL HAVE TO WEAR REDDIT SHIRTS.

CAN DISTRICT COURTS AROUND THE COUNTRY ALL SAY NO, DO YOU NOT HAVE TO DO THIS?

OR ARE THERE GONNA BE SOME PLACES WHERE YOU GOTTA WEAR A REDDIT SHIRT?

>> THIS GOES BACK TO THE ARGUMENT FOR INJUNCTIONS.

LET'S SAY THE LAW IS EVERYONE TOO TO WEAR A RED T-SHIRT, ONE JUDGE COULD SAY THAT'S UNCONSTITUTIONAL AND ANOTHER DISTRICT JUDGE COULD SAY NO IT IS CONSTITUTIONAL AND THEREFORE YOU CAN'T WEAR THE REDDIT SHIRTS.

SO WE'RE IN A -- THE MERITS OF THE CASE ULTIMATELY GO UP TO THE SUPREME COURT.

THE ARGUMENTS I THINK AGAINST UNIVERSAL INJUNCTIONS THAT A LOT OF FOLKS CAN MAKE, INCLUDING SOME OF THE SUPREME COURT JUSTICES AND THE MAJORITY, WOULD BE ACTUALLY THAT IT IS GOOD THAT WE ALLOW THESE ISSUES TO BE ADJUDICATED IN DIFFERENT JURISDICTIONS BEFORE DIFFERENT JUDGES.

THE SUPREME COURT BENEFITS FROM THAT KIND OF MORE ORGANIC CONSIDERATION BEFORE THEY MAKE AN ULTIMATE DECISION.

>> THEY'RE ASKING FOR A BIGGER WORKLOAD, IT SOUNDS LIKE WHAT THEY'RE ASKING FOR.

>> CERTAINLY WHEN WE TALK ABOUT BIRTH RIGHTS CITIZENSHIP SPECIFICALLY WHAT I THINK YOU'LL SEE IS A LOT MORE LITIGATION.

>> WHAT EXACTLY HAPPENED HERE?

>> WELL, AGAIN, WE DIDN'T GET A DECISION ON THE MERITS, THAT IS TO SAY WE DIDN'T GET A DECISION ON WHETHER THIS EXECUTIVE ORDER THAT THE TRUMP ADMINISTRATION HAS ISSUED ON BIRTH RIGHTS CITIZENSHIP IS CONSTITUTIONAL UNDER THE 14th AMENDMENT.

THAT HAS STILL NOT BEEN DECIDED.

EVENTUALLY THAT WILL PROBABLY GET TO THE SUPREME COURT, BUT RIGHT NOW THAT IS NOT THE CASE.

SO WHAT IS HAPPENING NOW IS THE THREE EXISTING CASES THAT WENT ON APPEAL UP TO THE SUPREME COURT, THE JUDGES ARE NOW GONNA HAVE TO DECIDE WHAT IS APPROPRIATE RELIEF UNDER THIS NEW STANDARD THAT THE SUPREME COURT HAS ISSUED.

NOW, I THINK WHAT WE'LL SEE IS THOSE DISTRICT COURT JUDGE ALSO ISSUE NEW INJUNCTIONS.

THEY'LL BE DIFFERENT INJUNCTIONS, MORE NARROW INJUNCTIONS.

BUT THEN THE QUESTION IS, AGAIN, HOW DO WE GET TO A PLACE WHERE, LET'S SAY, YOU KNOW, ANYONE -- YOU KNOW, PERHAPS CHILDREN THAT WILL BE BORN AND AFFECTED BY THIS EXECUTIVE ORDER, WHETHER THEY ALL ARE TREATED THE SAME.

THAT I THINK WILL BE A BIG QUESTION GOING FORWARD.

>> ISN'T THERE LIKE A 30-DAY PAUSE HERE BEFORE IT GOES INTO EFFECT, SOME SORT OF 30-DAY BREAK OR SOMETHING HERE?

>> THAT'S RIGHT.

SO THE ORIGINAL EXECUTIVE ORDER HAS THIS SORT OF 30-DAY IMPLEMENTATION DELAY, THAT BASICALLY SAID THAT IT DOESN'T GO INTO EFFECT UNTIL 30 DAYS AFTER THE EFFECTIVE DATE OF THE EO.

SO NOW THE CLOCK ESSENTIALLY RESTARTS AND, AGAIN YOU'LL SEE THE DISTRICT COURT JUDGES IN THOSE CASES ISSUE NEW INJUNCTIONS AND YOU'RE ALSO GOING TO SEE, AND WE'VE ALREADY SEEN, NEW LITIGATION.

>> OVERALL HERE, THIS IS -- THAT BLOCKING OF UNIVERSAL INJUNCTIONS, HOW BIG A DEAL IS THIS, NOT JUST FOR THIS PRESIDENT BUT FOR FUTURE PRESIDENT AS SOON AS BECAUSE PAST PRESIDENTS, INCLUDING PRESIDENTS OBAMA AND BIDEN, THEY'VE NOT BEEN PLEASED WITH LOWER COURTS ISSUING THESE KINDS OF THINGS?

>> IT'S A BIG DEAL BECAUSE I THINK AGAIN WILL YOU HAVE POTENTIALLY WHERE PEOPLE IN DIFFERENT JURISDICTIONS ARE TREATED IN DIFFERENT WAYS FOR AT LEAST A PERIOD OF TIME, AT LEAST UNTIL THE MERITS OF A PARTICULAR CASE GETS TO THE U.S. SUPREME COURT.

THERE IS OF COURSE A TIME LAG THERE.

SO YOU'RE GONNA BE IN A SITUATION WHERE, AGAIN, PEOPLE ARE BEING TREATED DIFFERENTLY.

THERE ARE SOME ALTERNATIVES THAT THE SUPREME COURT SUGGEST IN ITS DECISION AS A DIFFERENT WAY TO GET OUT THIS SAME CONSENT OF MORE UNIFORM RELIEF.

SO FOR EXAMPLE, THE COURT POINTS TO CLASS ACTIONS AS A POTENTIAL WAY TO NOW ASSERT CLAIMS.

SO I THINK THAT IS WHAT WE'RE GOING TO SEE.

WE'VE ALREADY SEEN A NEW CLASS ACTION, A NATIONWIDE CLASS-ACTION LAWSUIT FILED RELATED TO THE BIRTH RIGHTS CITIZENSHIP EO, I THINK WE'LL SEE THAT WITH ANY KIND OF EXECUTIVE ORDER FROM ANY PRESIDENT GOING FORWARD.

IT WILL BE THE NEW WAY, I THINK, TO TRY TO BLOCK THE IMPLEMENTATION OF A LAW.

>> BUT MY IMPRESSION OF CLASS-ACTION LAWSUITS IS THEY TAKE TIME.

DOES DOESN'T SOUND LIKE IT TOOK TOO LONG FOR THIS TO HAPPEN.

>> THEY TAKE TIME, AND THERE'S NOW GOING TO BE NEW QUESTIONS.

LET'S SAY IT'S THE NEW VEHICLE FOR CHALLENGING EXECUTIVE ORDERS, THE QUESTION OF A CLASSIFICATION, RIGHT, WHO IS IN THE CLASS, RIGHT, DOES THE CLASS GET CERTIFIED?

ALL THIS IS UNDER A DIFFERENT AREA OF LAW AND THAT WILL GET FILLED OUT OVER OVER THE YEARS, I THINK.

>> JUSTICE SOCIETY MAYOR CALLED THIS A TRAVESTY FOR THE RULE OF LAW.

THAT SEEMS A BIT HARSH.

>> AGAIN, I'LL END WHERE I STARTED, WHICH, LET'S SAY, AGAIN, THERE'S A LAW THAT WILL TAKE AWAY FUNDAMENTAL CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHT, YOU COULD BE -- AND IF YOU'RE SORT OF TAKING THE MAJORITY'S OPINION TO ITS LOGICAL CONCLUSION -- IN A SITUATION WHERE SOME PEOPLE ARE BEING PROTECTED BY A PARTICULAR JUDGE IN A PARTICULAR JURISDICTION AND SOME PEOPLE IN A DIFFERENT JURISDICTION ARE NOT.

AND PERHAPS THEIR CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS ARE BEING TAKEN AWAY.

AND IT'S THAT DISPARITY, I THINK THAT SOTOMAYOR IS POINTING OUT.

>> YEAH, THE POSSIBILITY IS THERE.

ALL RIGHT, ROY HERRERA, GOOD INFORMATION.

GOOD TO HAVE YOU HERE.

>> THANK YOU.

>>> ASU RESEARCHERS ARE PART OF A STUDY LOOKING TO ADVANCE PERSONALIZED CANCER DETECTION AND TREATMENT.

THE GOAL: TO BETTER FIND OUT HOW AND WHY CANCER SPREADS AND MUTATES.

TO LEARN MORE, WE WELCOME KEN BUETOW, DIRECTOR OF ASU'S CENTER FOR EVOLUTION AND MEDICINE.

THANK YOU FOR BEING HERE.

>> THANK YOU FOR HAVING ME.

>> YOU BETCHA.

ALL RIGHT, I KIND OF GIVE A GENERAL THING HERE, THIS IS IDENTIFYING WHAT MAKES CANCER SO CANCEROUS.

>> WELL, INDEED.

WE ALL ARE FAMILIAR WITH PEOPLE WHO, YOU KNOW, WE'VE ALL HAD A PERSONAL EXPERIENCE WITH PEOPLE WHO HAVE GOTTEN CANCER.

AND WE'VE MADE TREMENDOUS PROGRESS IN THE LAST DECADE AND A HALF WITH PERSONALIZED MEDICINE, TREATING THE CANCERS AND THEIR MECHANIC LEG LAR CHARACTERISTICS AND WE ALSO KNOW THAT A FAIR NUMBER OF PEOPLE UNFORTUNATELY HAVE THE CANCER COME BACK, EVEN IF THEY'VE HAD REMISSION OR SUDDENLY THE CANCER TREATMENT STARTS WORKING.

THE PURPOSE OF THIS RESEARCH PROGRAM IS TO LITERALLY IDENTIFY WHAT IS THE UNDERLYING MECHANISMS THAT CAUSE YOU THOSE -- CAUSE THE CANCER TO BE ABLE TO EVADE THE TREATMENTS AND THEN USE THOSE TO HAVE A TARGETED THERAPY.

>> SO THE UNDERLYING MECHANISM THAT ALLOWS YOU TO FIGHT THE CANCER AND TO GET IT IN TO REMISSION MAY NOT BE THE SAME MECHANISM THAT KEEPS IT AWAY?

>> ABSOLUTELY.

WHAT WE'VE SEEN WITH, AGAIN, A DECADE OF DOING NEXT-GENERATION GENOME CHARACTERIZATION IN MEL LEG LAR PROFILING TUMORS IS THAT WE CAN DO A GOOD JOB OF CHARACTERIZING THE INITIAL STATE OF THE CANCER, BUT WHAT HAPPENS IS THE CANCER CHANGES OVER TIME.

IT CHANGES IN RESPONSE TO THE PARTICULAR THERAPIES THAT WE'RE USING.

AND IN -- THE GOAL OF THIS RESEARCH PROGRAM IS TO IDENTIFY HOW IT CHANGES AND THEN TO UTILIZE THOSE CHANGES TO DIRECT OUR NEXT THERAPY.

>> DOES IT CHANGE -- LET'S SAY, YOU KNOW, SOMETHING AFFECTS ONE SIDE OF THE BODY AND THEN IT MET IT IS A SIZES AND YOU'VE GOT THE OTHER SIDE OF THE BODY AND DIFFERENT ORGANS ARE AFFECTED.

IS IT ALL SAME, DOES IT MUTATE THE SAME, IS THE GENETIC COMPONENT THE SAME?

>> NO, AND THAT'S PART OF THE CHALLENGE THAT WE FACE, IS THAT THE CANCER ITSELF IS RAPIDLY CHANGING ALL THE TIME IN RESPONSE TO THE BODY'S ATTEMPT TO FIGHT IT, AS WELL AS WHATEVER WE DO IN OUR TREATMENTS.

AND WHAT WE'RE REALLY ATTEMPTING TO DO HERE IS ESSENTIALLY EMBRACE THE WAYNE GRETZKY STRATEGY OF CANCER THERAPY.

SO RATHER THAN TREATING THE CANCER, WE SEE TODAY, WHAT WE WANT TO DO IS CHARACTERIZE THE TUMOR, AND THEN EVALUATE WHERE WE THINK THE TUMOR IS GOING AND USE THAT AS OUR TOOL TO DIRECT OUR NEXT THERAPY.

>> YEAH, SEE THE PLAY BEFORE IT HAPPENS, IN OTHER WORDS.

>> EXACTLY.

>> $142 MILLION FEDERAL GRANT.

YOU'RE WORKING WITH SOME PRETTY BIG INSTITUTIONS HERE, M.I.T., STAND DISORDER SUCH.

AND THE FOCUS SOUNDS LIKE IT'S COMPUTER MODELING, SOMETHING ALONG THOSE LINE AS SOON AS.

>> INDEED.

OUR GOAL OF THE ASU FUNDING PORTION THIS PROGRAM IS TO LITERALLY IDENTIFY WHAT ARE THE SPECIFIC MOLECULAR MECHANISMS THAT THE CANCER USES AND WE'RE OUTING STATE OF THE ART METHODS.

WE'RE USING TO BEAR ALL OF THE STATE OF ART, THE NO MIX ANALYSIS AND MACHINE LEARNING AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE APPROACHES, AS WELL.

>> THE STATE OF THE ART SITUATION YOU TALKED ABOUT THERE, OBVIOUSLY YOU'RE DOING RESEARCH TO IMPROVE THAT.

HOW FAR ALONG IS THE STATE OF THE ART RIGHT NOW?

>> WELL, WE HAVE PRELIMINARY CLUES, WHAT WE'RE USING TO START WITH, BUT TO BE HONEST, ONE OF THE THINGS THAT'S REALLY NOVEL ABOUT THIS PARTICULAR RESEARCH PROGRAM THROUGH OUR EVENTS, RESEARCH, PROJECT'S AGENCY, IS THAT WE'RE GOING TO BE STUDYING AND COLLECTING MOLECULAR SAMPLES OVER TIME WITH CANCER PATIENTS.

WE'RE GOING TO HAVE AN ABSOLUTELY NOVEL COLLECTION OF MATERIAL FOR OUR STATISTICAL AND COMPUTATIONAL MODELS.

>> THIS IS TUMOR EVOLUTION.

THIS IS MOLECULAR RESISTANCE AND ALL THIS KIND OF BUSINESS.

>> YEP.

>> AND THIS IS BY WAY OF CLINICAL TRIALS?

>> SO EMBEDDED IN THIS PARTICULAR RESEARCH PROGRAM IS A CLINICAL TRIAL.

NOT ONLY WILL WE BE DOING THE BASIC SCIENCE RESEARCH IN REALTY THYME, ABOUT NEW REAL-TIME, THE FINDINGS THAT WE'RE HAVING IN OUR BASIC RESEARCH WILL BE APPLIED IN A CLINICAL TRIAL TO -- WE BELIEVE TO SAVE LIVES, TO ACTUALLY REDIRECT THE PARADIGM OF HOW CANCER IS BEING TREATED.

>> THAT SOUNDS VERY EXCITING.

AND MAYO CLINIC TEAMS ARE INVOLVED WITH THIS?

>> SO WE HAVE A COLLECTION FROM A VARIETY OF DIFFERENT GROUPS, OUR NEW AMERICAN UNIVERSITY PARTNERSHIPS AND ASU, FROM MULTIPLE DIFFERENT DEPARTMENTS OF SCHOOL ADAPTED SYSTEMS, PEOPLE FROM THE BIO DESIGN STORES, AND ALSO WE HAVE A LONGSTANDING RELATIONSHIP WITH OUR COLLEAGUES THE MAYO CLINIC, BOTH IN MAYO CLINIC ARIZONA AND MAYO CLINIC ROCHESTER.

>> $142 MILLION, YOU GUYS WILL GET YOUR SHARE, DO YOUR COMPUTER MODELING AND THE CLINICAL TRIAL, BUT M.I.T., STANFORD, UC, I THINK BERGMAN AND WOMEN'S HOSPITAL, ALSO INVOLVED.

THERE'S GOTTA BE A SHARING, A COLLABORATION HERE.

>> THAT'S ONE OF THE REALLY COOL THINGS ABOUT THIS.

SO WE'RE CREATING AS PART OF THIS BROADER PROGRAM A PLATFORM WHERE ALL OF THE DATA THAT'S BEING GENERATED CAN BE SHARED AMONG ALL OF THE PARTICIPATES BUT MORE IMPORTANTLY WILL ULTIMATELY BE SHARED WITH A MUCH BROADER RESEARCH COMMUNITY.

>> I WAS GOING TO ASK YOU ABOUT THE DATA.

WHERE DOES IT GO FROM HERE?

>> WHAT WE HOPE IS THAT THIS WILL JUST BE THE FOUNDATION OF A WHOLE NEW GENERATION OF NEW CANCER THERAPEUTICS.

>> IT CERTAINLY SOUNDS EVEN COURAGING.

ASU CENTER FOREST REDUCE AND MEDICINE, KEN, GOOD LUCK.

WE'RE ALL ROOTING FOR YOU.

>> THANK YOU.

ANOTHER RESEARCH PROJECT AT ASU IS USING PORTABLE DNA SEQUENCING TO BETTER UNDERSTAND HOW THE OVERUSE OF ANTIBIOTICS AND LEAD TO SUPERBUGS.

JOINING US NOW IS LEE VOTHGAEDDERT, FROM ASU'S BIODESIGN CENTER FOR HEALTH THROUGH MICROBIOMES.

WELCOME TO ARIZONA HORIZON.

LET'S START WITH SOME SEMANTICS.

WHAT IS A SUPER BUG?

>> A SUPER BUG REALLY KIND OF THINKING ABOUT THE BACTERIA THAT HAS GAINED THE ABILITY TO EVADE MOST, IF NOT ALL, ANTIBIOTICS THAT WE HAVE AVAILABLE TO US.

IF WE GET THAT SPECIFIC BUG, THAT WOULD BE A PATHOGEN AND DON'T HAVE THE BOILS WE COULD TAKE TO BE ABLE TO FIGHT THAT INFECTION, WE DON'T HAVE THE ANTIBIOTICS.

THERE'S ACTUALLY A LIST OF BUGS FROM THE CDC TO MAKE SURE THAT WE'RE IDENTIFYING THE TRENDS, IF THEY'RE GOING IN BAD DIRECTIONS, WE KNOW WE CAN -- POTENTIALLY ROLL OUT DIFFERENT POLICIES FOR HOW WE MIGHT KIND OF HANDLE ANSWERED BODY USAGE.

>> AND THAT IS THE MORE ANTIBIOTICS YOU USE, IT SEEMS LIKE THE SUPERBUGS RECOGNIZE IT AND SAY WE'RE GOING TO DEVELOP INTO SOMETHING ELSE?

>> YEAH, REALLY IT'S KIND OF THE PRESSURES OF THESE ANTIBIOTICS.

SO TAKE AN EXAMPLE OF THE HUMAN BODY, LET'S SAY WE HAVE 100 BACTERIA IN OUR HUMAN BODY.

WE TAKE AN ANTIBIOTIC THAT TAKES CARE OF 95 OF THEM, BUT WE STILL HAVE 5 THAT MIGHT BE JUST A LITTLE BIT MORE RESISTANT TO THE ANTIBIOTIC THAT WE JUST TOOK, AND NOW THOSE ARE STILL THERE WHEN WE STOP TAKING THE ANTIBIOTIC AND HAVE ROOM TO GROW.

SO THAT'S KIND OF HOW THE PRESSURE OF THE ANTIBIOTIC FORCES GROWTH OF NEW RESISTANT STRAINS.

>> AND THIS IS A DANGER TO HUMANS, ANIMALS, AS WELL, A DANGER TO THE ENVIRONMENT, AS WELL?

>> YEAH, WE THINK ABOUT THE ENVIRONMENT AS WHERE IT KIND OF CIRCULATES AND THINK ABOUT THE HEALTH OF THE ANIMALS AND HUMANS.

WE REALLY KIND OF THINK ABOUT THE ONE HEALTH ASPECT OF THIS.

WE'RE REALLY FOCUSED ON HUMANS BUT WE'RE ALL CONNECTED IN THIS REALLY COMPLICATED SYSTEMS OF SYSTEMS.

>> NOW, YOUR RESEARCH IS IN TANDEM, I'M READING HERE, FROM THE U.N. AND INDONESIA, AND IT BASICALLY INVOLVES, WHAT, A HAND-HELD DNA DEVICE?

>> YEAH, IF YOU'RE OKAY WITH A LITTLE SHOW AND SHELL, I BROUGHT THE DEVICE HERE.

LITERALLY, THIS IS OUR GOLD STANDARD DESIGNS AND OUR LABORATORIES AND WE'RE TRYING TO GET IT INTO THE HANDS OF PEOPLE IN THE FIELD, FRONT LINE WORKERS THAT WE HAVE.

IT LOOKS LIKE A STAPLER.

WE PLUG IT INTO A LAPTOP AND ABLE TO DO DNA SEQUENCING IN THE FIELD AND BE ABLE TO KIND OF TAKE WHAT WE HAVE IN TERMS OF LABORATORIES AND BRING IT TO PEOPLE THAT CAN USE THAT INFORMATION.

>> WHAT DO YOU DO?

DO YOU STICK IT IN WATER, DO YOU PUT IT IN THE AIR?

>> GREAT QUESTION.

SO WE HAVE OUR PETS AND ALL OF THE NERDY STUFF HERE.

WE TAKE IT AND TAKE OUR SAMPLE AND PUT IT INTO THE DNA SEQUENCING DEVICE TO SEE WHAT TYPE OF DNA IS IN THAT SAMPLE THAT WE TOOK.

IT COULD BE WATER, IT COULD BE POOP, IT COULD BE WASTE OUT OF A SLAUGHTER HOUSE.

>> YES.

I SAW THAT YOU WERE LOOKING AT SLAUGHTER HOUSE -- LIKE A 6-CHILDREN SLAUGHTER HOUSE IN INDONESIA.

DO THEY HAVE THEIR OWN ANTIBIOTIC SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM?

>> YEAH.

AND THEY'RE DOING A PRETTY GOOD JOB IN TERMS OF ROLLING IT OUT.

IT'S TRICKY, INDONESIA HAS LIKE 14,000 DIFFERENT ISLANDS.

IN TERMS OF THINKING OF A NATIONAL SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM, THAT'S A TRICKY PATH.

THINGS LIKE THIS WHERE WE CAN DECENTRALIZE THE MONITORING SYSTEMS, IT CAN BE A REALLY POWERFUL TOOL AND THAT CAN APPLY HERE AT HOME TOO.

>> RIGHT.

AND YOU CAN TELL WHEN SOME THIS BAD STUFF IS GOING INTO WATERWAYS, RIVERS AND SUCH?

>> YEAH, OUR CORE FOCUS IS TRYING TO IDENTIFY THOSE CONTROL POINTS, THE POINTS WHERE THINGS AND THESE DIFFERENT SYSTEMS ALL CONVALESCE.

THINK ABOUT A CHICKEN SLAUGHTER HOUSE BEING KIND OF THAT POINT, ANIMALS COMING IN, THE FOOD IS GOING OUT TO HUMANS AND THE WASTE IS GOING INTO THE ENVIRONMENT.

SO IT'S A PLACE TO BE ABLE TO MONITOR AND ESSENTIALLY CONTROL KIND OF THE RESISTANCE MECHANISM THAT MIGHT GET INTO THE ENVIRONMENT SPREAD.

>> I TELL YOU WHAT, IT SOUNDS LIKE BEFORE THIS THING CAME ALONG, I MEAN, GOOD LUCK AGAINST THESE SUPERBUGS.

THAT MUST BE DIFFICULT TO CONTROL THESE THINGS?

>> YEAH.

WE HAD OUR METHOD THAT WE WERE ABLE TO USE IN THE LABS BUT IT TOOK TRICKY LABS TO DO THAT.

THE MORE WE CAN GET SIMPLER TOOLS IN THE HANDS OF PEOPLE ON FRONT LINE, THE BETTER.

>> CAN WE USE OPPOSE?

ANYTHING YOU NEED SEQUENCED YOU CAN DO IT WITH THIS DEVICE WHICH IS SO POWERFUL IN TERMS OF SEEING NEW INFORMATION THAT WE WEREN'T ABLE TO SEE BEFORE.

>> BIRD FLU?

>> THEY'RE WORKING ON THAT NOW IN INDONESIA AND ACROSS THE BOARD.

CDC IS WORKING ON THIS AS WELL.

>> THE WHOLE IDEA HERE IS TO GET -- STOP THE SPREAD OF THESE SUPER BUGS.

IS THERE HOPE?

IT SOUNDS LIKE A DAUNTING TASK WITH ALL OF THESE THINGS AROUND THE WORLD, WILL IT HELP ENOUGH?

>> IT'S ONE PART THE SOLUTION.

WE NEED THESE NOVEL TECHNIQUES, AND THEY'RE NOT JUST NOVEL, THEY'RE NECESSARY.

SO WE HAVE TO TAKE SOME OF THE NEW AND EMERGING THINGS AND IMPLEMENT THEM IN THE SYSTEM.

THERE'S A COUPLE PARTS, ONE IS THINKING ABOUT NEW ANTIBIOTICS AND THE OTHER IS THINKING ABOUT STEWARDSHIP, THE ANTIBIOTICS THAT WE DO HAVE, TO MAKE SURE WE CAN EXTEND THE LIFE OF THEIR EFFECTIVENESS.

>> AND DNA SEQUENCING OBVIOUSLY A BIG DEAL.

PORTABLE DNA SEQUENCING.

SOUNDS LIKE A REALLY BIG DEAL.

CAN IT BE USED IN OTHER THEATERS.

>> OTHER THEATERS BEING GEOGRAPHY, ABSOLUTELY, THAT'S WHAT WE'RE WORKING ON.

OTHER THEATERS BEING DIFFERENT TYPES OF SAMPLES, DIFFERENT TYPES OF -- YOU TALKED ABOUT THE WET MARKET OR YOU CAN KIND OF ACCESS THEM HERE OR HOSPITALS AND MONITORING RESISTANCE IN THOSE.

ALL OF THE DIFFERENT MEDIANS CAN REALLY BENEFIT.

>> AND IS THERE A SECURITY CONCERN WITH THIS?

>> THERE IS CERTAINLY BECAUSE WE'RE FOCUSED ON, YOU KNOW, KIND OF THE WATER OR POO OR THOSE KINDS OF THINGS.

WE'RE A LITTLE LESS CONCERN CHANGED ABOUT.

WE HAVE PROTOCOLS IN PLACE BUT IN TERMS OF THE QUANTITY OF DATA WE HAVE, WE'LL HAVE TO CERTAINLY TAKE THAT INTO ACCOUNT.

>> MAKE SURE HAVE YOU INDIVIDUAL DNA SEQUENCING THROUGHOUT.

>> WE'RE FOCUSED ON THE SUPER BACTERIAS AND BUGS.

>> AMONG THE MASS.

YEAH.

ALL RIGHT, LOOK AT THAT THING.

UNBELIEVABLE.

CONGRATULATIONS ON THAT.

GOOD WORK.

THANK YOU FOR JOINING EXCUSE SHARING YOUR STORY.

>> APPRECIATE IT.

>> YOU BETCHA.

>>> AND THAT IS IT FOR NOW.

I'M TED SIMONS.

THANK YOU SO MUCH FOR JOINING US.

YOU HAVE A GREAT EVENING.